Enhanced cold plate thermal management of battery system integrated with a conceptual heat pump for the heating of an electric vehicle under winter conditions
Chemical Engineering Research and Design, cilt.232, ss.95-145, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 232
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.cherd.2026.07.015
- Dergi Adı: Chemical Engineering Research and Design
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex, INSPEC
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.95-145
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Electric vehicle, Enhanced thermal management, Exergy, Heat pump, Li-ion battery system, Waste heat
- Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Thermal management of Li-ion batteries is one of the most important issues for electric vehicles, especially in winter conditions. In this study, enhanced thermal management of the Li-ion battery system was investigated. The thermal management of the battery system was achieved through direct two-phase heat transfer. In addition, unlike conventional systems, the proposed configuration reduces the heat-transfer losses associated with additional equipment. A new conceptual heat pump (HP) system was designed to heat the cabin of an electric vehicle (EV) using the waste heat of the Li-ion battery system, employing a two-phase fluid from the battery. The new conceptual system was designed to use the Li-ion battery as an evaporator, eliminating the need for an additional heat exchanger. Thus, the proposed system aims to reduce the thermal gradient during waste-heat transfer while improving heat-transfer performance. R1234yf, R134a, R152a and R1234ze were used as the working fluids in the system. The system's coefficient of performance was determined using energy, exergy, economic, and environmental analyses to meet the heating requirements. Performance evaluations were carried out at six discharge rates: 0.2 C, 0.3 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, 3 C, and 5 C. The optimum operating conditions were determined to be dependent on both the discharge rate and the refrigerant type. Accordingly, optimum conditions were obtained at a dryness fraction of 0.2 at discharge rates of 0.2C-0.3 C, and at a dryness fraction of 0.6 at a discharge rate of 0.5 C. At discharge rates of 1 C, 3 C, and 5 C, the optimum dryness fractions were determined to be 0.7 for R1234yf and R1234ze, and 0.9 for R134a and R152a. Under optimal conditions, the maximum COP, exergy efficiency (ε), and NPV were determined to be 2.12, 62.10%, and $1089.35, respectively, while CO2 emissions were reduced by up to 58.11 kg.