Experimental investigation of concrete cone failure under different inclination angles in low-strength concrete
Engineering Failure Analysis, cilt.197, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 197
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.111243
- Dergi Adı: Engineering Failure Analysis
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO)
- Anahtar Kelimeler: Chemical anchor, Concrete cone, Inclination angle, Pull-out test, Tensile load
- Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Reinforced concrete anchor design approaches are predominantly based on assumptions of deep and vertical applications; however, the behavior of shallow-embedment and inclined-angle anchors remains insufficiently understood. This study experimentally investigates the ultimate tensile capacity of cast-in and chemical anchors using 12 mm diameter ribbed bars (B420C) in low-strength concrete (C12/15, n = 24), considering inclination angles (0°, 15°, and 30°), embedment depths (5Φ and 10Φ), concrete cone boundary diameters (100 mm and 200 mm), and edge distances (60 mm, 100 mm and 140 mm). Pull-out tests were performed on all specimens. Load-displacement curves were recorded, and initial stiffness, displacement ductility ratios, energy dissipation capacities, failure displacements and viscous damping ratios were derived. A comprehensive multivariate regression model (R2 = 0.960) was also developed to predict tensile capacity. The results demonstrated that inclination angle had a significant and depth-dependent effect on tensile capacity. Reductions of up to 27 % were observed in shallow anchors (5Φ) at 30°, whereas deep anchors (10Φ) showed limited sensitivity, with reductions of only up to 7 %. This demonstrates that the effect of the inclination angle decreases as the embedment depth increases. In addition, the reduction in the edge distance from 140 mm to 60 mm significantly decreased the tensile load, and resulted in asymmetrical or irregular concrete cone failure modes. These findings quantify the coupled effects of inclination angle, embedment depth, and edge distance on tensile capacity and failure behavior. The results provide practical insights for the reliable design of inclined anchorage systems in existing low-strength concrete structures, particularly for seismic retrofitting applications.