Detection of the doping agent formestane using a spectroscopic ellipsometric method with electrodeposited polydopamine-based molecular imprinting

ÇAĞLAYAN M. O., Üstündağ Z.

Microchemical Journal, cilt.209, 2025 (SCI-Expanded) identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 209
  • Basım Tarihi: 2025
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.microc.2025.112663
  • Dergi Adı: Microchemical Journal
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Food Science & Technology Abstracts, Index Islamicus, Veterinary Science Database
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Designer steroids, Formestane, Molecular imprinting, Spectroscopic ellipsometry
  • Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Designer steroids are steroids produced in the laboratory by chemically modifying the steroid backbone to replace anabolic steroids. One of these steroids, formestane (4-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, FMST), has been added to the list of substances prohibited in sports by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) due to its positive effects in reducing the side effects of other doping steroids. A non-sophisticated yet relatively inexpensive method for detecting these steroids in adulterated dietary supplements is currently unavailable. In this study, for the first time, a spectroscopic ellipsometer (SE)-based sensor using polydopamine (pDA) as a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) recognition element was developed for the detection of FMST. FMST detection was achieved in the range of 10 pM–100 nM using MIP-pDA formed on a gold-coated silicon chip by the electropolymerization method. The detection limits (with a 3σ noise ratio) determined from the change in the ellipsometric angle Δ spectroscopically in the range of 600–700 nm and directly from the Δ value at a single wavelength were 310 and 382 pM, respectively. The sensor response on the non-imprinted polymer surface remained within noise limits. Recovery rates determined by spiking energy drinks and tablet-form vitamins were found to be greater than 95 %. In reusability tests, the signal obtained after 4 cycles was over 90 %. The usability of the developed MIP-pDA sensor for FMST detection was confirmed, and it was shown that it can be adapted to an SE method for the first time.