Research Information System
in: Medicine & Health 2021, Hüseyin Kafadar,Hakan Kaya, Editor, Efe Akademi Yayınlar, İstanbul, pp.213-234, 2021
Pesticides such as insecticide, herbicide, fungicide, rodenticide,
molluscicide, etc. are widely used in agricultural as well as non-agricultural
purposes because they supply benefits such as increased product and quality
of yield (Baksh et al., 2020; Caetano et al., 2020). They are easily released
into the environmental areas such as soil, water, edible foods, groundwater,
and drinking water and avoiding exposure to pesticides in the environment
became almost impossible (Baksh et al., 2020).
Pesticide residues are products that come out as a result of the
breakdown of pesticides by various factors such as temperature, light, pH,
and moisture etc. Pesticide residues in environmental fields, air and water,
which able to diffuse into human or animal bodies and give rise to severe
healt problems, cancers, nervous system problems, thyroid problems, and
other potential vital risks (Bilal et al., 2021). Therefore, it is essential to
improve a simple, selective, sensitive and rapid different methods to
determine the pesticides and their residues in fruit, vegetables, foods, soil, air
and water at trace levels to avoid the toxic risk of highly dangerous
pesticides (Baksh et al., 2020; Y. Li et al., 2019).
Different analytical methods have been used for the determination of
the pesticides such as liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis (CE),
gas chromatography, bioassays colorimetry, spectroscopy, and nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy (Caetano et al., 2020). Although these
reported techniques manufacture effective, sensitive, and accurate results,
they exhibit a variety of limitations, such as operational difficulty, timeconsuming
procedures, expensive instrumentation and extraction settings
and long analysis periods (Y. Li et al., 2019; Özcan et al., 2021). Also, these
methods need costly chemicals and standards, complex sample preparation
system, advanced research laboratory, trained manpower (Chansi et al.,
2020). So, numerous scientists have been working intensively in recent years
on the development of new analytical methods for the selective and
sensitive, portable, cheap and reliable detection of pesticides and their
application to real samples such as soil, water and the environment (Gege et
al., 2021).
Today, the development of micro sensors based on biological and
chemical have now become one of the most influential fields of study in onsite
analysis. Electrochemical methods are currently one of the most popular
214
analytical methods due to their extraordinary properties. Therefore, they
have been preferred in many application areas such as agricultural,
industrial, clinical and environmental to determination of electroactive
compounds. Furtermore, the electroanalytical methods are first alternative
that comes to mind to classical methods used for the determination of
various pesticides and their residues because of their promising advantages
such as high selectivity and sensitivity, simple instrumentation procedure,
robustness, easy operation, relatively, low cost, and short analysis time (Bilal
et al., 2021; Özcan et al., 2021).