Türkiye’de Yazılı Basının Kanser Haberlerine Yaklaşımı


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suiçmez m.

Intermedia International e-Journal, cilt.10, sa.18, ss.234-256, 2023 (Hakemli Dergi) identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 10 Sayı: 18
  • Basım Tarihi: 2023
  • Doi Numarası: 10.56133/intermedia.1255949
  • Dergi Adı: Intermedia International e-Journal
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: TR DİZİN (ULAKBİM)
  • Sayfa Sayıları: ss.234-256
  • Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Bu çalışmada gazetelerin sağlık haberlerine yaklaşımlarındaki farklılıklarının irdelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. insan yaşamını doğrudan etkileyen sağlık haberleri önem arz etmektedir. Her konuda olduğu gibi toplumun sağlık alanında da bilinçlenmesi için medya gayreti gerekmektedir. Bu durum haberlerin özenle hazırlanmasını gerektirmekte, hazırlanan metinler teknik bilgilerden meydana geldiği için, bilgiyi haberleştiren muhabirlerin uzmanlaşması oldukça önemli görülmektedir. Muhabirler, gazetelerin daha fazla okuyucunun ilgisini çekmesi için magazin içerikli bir kurguyla haber yayınlayabilmektedir. Bu durum sağlık haberciliğinde gerçekleştiği takdirde, muhabirler tarafından kamuya aktarılan yanlış, eksik, doğruluğu kanıtlanmamış bilgiler, olumsuz sonuçlar yaratabilmektedir. Son dönemlerde sağlık haberciliğinde yaşanan gelişmelere Türkçe literatürde yer verilmediği gözlenen bu konu, bu çalışma aracılığıyla güncel olarak incelenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda 1 Ekim 2022 ile 31 Aralık 2022 tarihleri arasında Türkiye’de yayınlanan farklı yayın anlayışına sahip Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Posta ve Sabah gazetelerinde yer alan 40 kanser haberi içerik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma kapsamında gazetelerde yer alan kanserle ilgili haberlerin yapısal ve içeriksel özellikleri esas problem olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu doğrultuda ilgili haberlerin yayın türü, yardımcı unsur kullanımı, haberin sayfadaki konumu, haber ve bilgi kaynağı, haber kategorileri, başlık ve içerik uyumu alt problemler olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, araştırmaya dahil edilen gazetelerde yer alan kanser haberlerinde genel sağlık haberlerinin düşük düzeyde kullanıldığı, magazinsel kategoride haber yayınlamaya devam edildiği, dolayısıyla kamuyu bilgilendirmekten ziyade ilgi çekme amacıyla haber oluşturulduğu görülmüş; sağlık haberciliği konusunda uzmanlaşmanın gerektiği tespit edilmiştir.
There are various definitions of the concept of news; however, it is mostly defined as information that is new and has not been heard previously. It is the sharing of current events of interest to the public in an accurate and impartial manner. Many health-related topics such as nutrition, weight problems, child psychology, cancer, sexuality, infectious diseas- es, and skin problems can be reported as news. Recent investigations showed that health news has emerged as the most read news after local and political news. The vast majority of readers and viewers use the information they get from health news through the media to diagnose them- selves and even give advice to others. Therefore, health-related news should only be published after serious review. The main goal of health journalism is to transform a health-related issue or event into a news text in a way that people can comprehend without distancing from reality. While preparing health-related news, journalists should avoid news that will instill false hope or panic in the public. New developments in the field of health should be announced to the masses through newspapers. The press must act responsibly to provide information to the public. In this context, health journalism is a specialized branch of news that needs to be carefully emphasized for people and society to continue their lives in a healthy way. It is not possible for everyone to be knowledgeable about everything. Therefore, a health journalist should focus on the topic of their choice and conduct in-depth research. Sloppy reporting by inexperienced journalists can lead to undesirable situations. People who want to improve their deteriorating health may be misled by information in unsourced news reports. Subsequently, they may then face an unpredictable landscape. In this context, health news should be created and served to readers by knowledgeable and experienced specialized journalists and reporters; this is in the interest of both the journalist and society. The seriousness of health-related news has been left in the background, and the fun side of tabloid news has become the main element of the news. The content of health-related news on the pages of newspapers may also undergo seasonal changes. In the summer months, news showing ways to get rid of weight and methods of protecting our skin against the sun, and in the winter months, the consumption of herbal teas and vitamins against the cold weather are covered in detail in the news. Today, the health sector has turned into a commercial activity. For this reason, the content of the news has been encouraging consumption such as wrinkle cream, BOTOX, etc. Therefore, health news has evolved into texts far from scientific sources; sensationalist statements are frequently mentioned before the benefit to society. The main purpose of this study is to examine cancer news in newspapers with different editorial approaches in the context of health journalism in Turkey and to compare the cancer news articles in newspapers in terms of their content and structural characteristics. In the selection of newspapers, in addition to their circulation rates, the editorial policies of the newspapers were also considered to be different, and thus, we tried to reveal the differences between the content features and structural features of the newspapers in cancer-related news. In the study, published in three months period 40 cancer-re- lated news articles in the Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Posta, and Sabah newspapers with different editorial policies in Turkey were retrospectively analyzed between October 2022 and December 2022. While searching for cancer-related news, all archives of newspapers were scanned instead of health categories. For this process, the keyword “cancer” was used. Content analysis method was used to analyze cancer news in the study. At the end of the study, which applied content analysis to cancer news in newspapers with different editorial policies, we observed that these newspapers, which are important representatives of the mainstream media in Turkey, generally did not specify the types of cancer in the news content. We determined that the highest number of unspecified cancer news articles was found in Sabah newspaper, while Cumhuriyet newspaper did not have any unspecified cancer news articles. In the study, in the context of the contextual char- acteristics of cancer news, the analysis conducted to determine whether the news reports directly report a development or event related to cancer and whether the main link of the news is cancer, we found that almost half of the news texts on an important issue such as cancer, which should be supported by scientific and concrete data, were presented with tabloid con- tent and fiction. This fiction often ranges from accounts of famous people`s illnesses to lifestyle and celebrity nutrition issues, to recommendations that promote certain consumption habits and daily life practices. It is thought that the fact that news about cancer is predominantly published in tabloid content is due to the fact that the aim is to publish news that will attract more attention from readers. Within the scope of the study, we also determined that the content of cancer news in Cumhuriyet newspaper was generally presented in a way that directly or indirectly criticized the policies of the current political power on cancer, while the news in Sabah newspaper was generally presented in a way that affirmed public policies. This situation is consistent with the editorial policies of the newspapers. In the study, in the context of the contextual characteristics of cancer-related news, the analysis of the tone of the headline and the harmony between the headline and the content revealed that the news articles were predominantly given in a positive tone, with the most positive headlines in Posta newspaper and the most negative headlines in Cumhuriyet newspaper. This result is also consistent with the difference